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Grave Goods in Early Medieval Europe: regional variability and declineOpen Data

Emma Brownlee

Cite this as: Brownlee, E. 2021 Grave Goods in Early Medieval Europe: regional variability and decline, Internet Archaeology 56. https://doi.org/10.11141/ia.56.11

Summary

An incomplete early early-medieval (Anglo-Saxon, c.500-600) gilded copper-alloy zoomorphic plate bird brooch with garnet eye detail.
An incomplete early early-medieval (Anglo-Saxon, c.500-600) gilded copper-alloy zoomorphic plate bird brooch with garnet eye detail from Hampshire. Image: Hampshire Cultural Trust (CC BY 4.0). See K. Hinds 2017 HAMP-0ABB4E: A EARLY MEDIEVAL BROOCH https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/859161

This article analyses the use of grave goods in burials across early medieval Europe and how that use changed over the course of the 6th to 8th centuries CE with the widespread transition to unfurnished burial. It uses data gathered from published cemetery excavation reports from England, France, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, and the Netherlands. The grave good use in these cemeteries was analysed using GIS methods to visualise regional differences, as well as statistical methods to analyse how grave good use evolved over time in those regions.

This analysis revealed clear regional distinctions in grave good use, with England and Alamannia appearing similar, with relatively high levels of grave good use. Meanwhile, parts of Frankia and of Burgundy had considerably lower levels of grave good use. Distributions of individual artefact types tended to match those of overall numbers, but there were a few key exceptions, such as vessels, which followed a quite different pattern, being found in high numbers along the Frankish coast, but in much lower numbers elsewhere. Despite these overall trends, there was still considerable intra-regional and intra-cemetery variation that suggests communities and individuals had the ability to make highly individual choices about the way to bury their dead, along with the ability to subvert local norms.

It also revealed that while there was a general decline in the use of grave goods across this period, and everywhere eventually reached the point of almost completely unfurnished burial, this decline occurred at different rates. In particular, there was a zone around the North Sea, including Kent, western Frankia, and the Low Countries, where there was little change in grave good use until it was suddenly abandoned in the early 8th century. Different types of objects declined at different rates across different regions, with few clear trends, suggesting that only personal accessories held a common significance across Europe; the meanings of all other object types were negotiated on a local basis.

Corresponding author: Emma BrownleeORCID logo
ecb58@cam.ac.uk
University of Cambridge

Full text

Figure 1: Sites used in this study (interactive map)

Figure 2: Creating relative KDEs and hot spot analyses in ArcGIS

Figure 3: The regions used for analysis

Figure 4: Relative kernel density map of grave good use in the 6th century, showing high concentrations over Alamannia and eastern England, and low concentrations over western Frankia and Burgundy

Figure 5: Violin and jitter plots showing the distribution of grave good use in Anglian cemeteries in use during the 6th century. Burgh Castle, Caister-on-Sea, and Staunch Meadows excluded

Figure 6: Violin and jitter plots showing grave good use in northern Alamannian cemeteries in use during the 6th century

Figure 7: Violin and jitter plots showing the distribution of grave good use within southern Alamannian cemeteries in use during the 6th century. Mels excluded

Figure 8: Violin and jitter plots showing grave good use within Bavaria in use during the 6th century

Figure 9: The 6th-century cemeteries of southern Alamannia and Bavaria. Size of dot is proportional to the average number of grave goods per cemetery

Figure 10: Violin and jitter plots showing grave good use in western Frankish cemeteries in use during the 6th century.

Figure 11: Violin and jitter plots showing the distribution of grave good use in Burgundian cemeteries in use during the 6th century.

Figure 12: Violin and jitter plots showing grave good use within cemeteries in Kent in use during the 6th century

Figure 13: Cemeteries in Kent. The relative size of the dot is proportional to the average number of grave goods per cemetery

Figure 14: Violin and jitter plots showing grave good use within Lower Rhine cemeteries in use during the 6th century

Figure 15: Violin and jitter plots showing grave good use within cemeteries in the Low Countries in use during the 6th century

Figure 16: Violin and jitter plots showing grave good use within cemeteries in eastern Frankia in use during the 6th century

Figure 17: Cemeteries in the Lower Rhine and Low Countries. Relative size of dot is proportional to the average number of grave goods per cemetery

Figure 18: Violin and jitter plots showing the distribution of grave good use in cemeteries in the Saxon regions of England in use during the 6th century. Beckery Chapel excluded

Figure 19: Relative kernel density map of commonly used grave good use in 500 CE, showing a similar distribution to overall numbers

Figure 20: Violin and jitter plots showing the variation in use of dress accessories

Figure 21: Violin and jitter plots showing the variation in use of personal accessories

Figure 22: Violin and jitter plots showing the variation in use of jewellery

Figure 23: Violin and jitter plots showing the variation in use of fittings

Figure 24: Relative kernel density map of less commonly used grave goods in 500 CE, showing a different distribution to overall numbers

Figure 25: Violin and jitter plots showing the variation in use of cosmetics. Burgundy excluded

Figure 26: Violin and jitter plots showing the variation in use of animal remains. Burgundy and the Low Countries excluded

Figure 27: Violin and jitter plots showing the variation in use of tools

Figure 28: Violin and jitter plots showing the variation in use of amulets.

Figure 29: Relative kernel density map of vessel use in 500 CE, showing concentrations of high vessel use across western Frankia and the Lower Rhine

Figure 30: Violin and jitter plots showing the variation in use of vessels

Figure 31: Kernel density maps for weapons at the start of the 6th century

Figure 32: Violin and jitter plots showing the variation in the use of weapons

Figure 33: The lifespans of cemeteries in northern Alamannia. Number of graves in brackets

Figure 34: The lifespans of cemeteries in southern Alamannia. Number of graves in brackets

Figure 35: The lifespans of cemeteries in Bavaria. Number of graves in brackets

Figure 36: The lifespans of cemeteries in Burgundy. Number of graves in brackets

Figure 37: The lifespans of cemeteries in western Frankia. Number of graves in brackets

Figure 38: The lifespans of cemeteries in the Lower Rhine region. Number of graves in brackets

Figure 39: The lifespans of cemeteries in the Low Countries region. Number of graves in brackets

Figure 40: The lifespans of cemeteries in eastern Frankia. Number of graves in brackets

Figure 41: The lifespans of cemeteries in Kent. Number of graves in brackets

Figure 42: The lifespans of cemeteries in Anglian regions of England. Number of graves in brackets

Figure 43: The lifespans of cemeteries in Saxon regions of England. Number of graves in brackets

Figure 44: Trends in numbers of objects and unfurnished burials in northern Alamannia. Polynomial trendlines order 3

Figure 45: Trends in numbers of objects and unfurnished burials in southern Alamannia. Polynomial trendlines order 3

Figure 46: Trends in numbers of objects and unfurnished burials in Bavaria. Polynomial trendline order 3 for numbers of objects, order 2 for unfurnished graves

Figure 47: Trends in numbers of objects and unfurnished burials in Anglian regions. Polynomial trendlines, order 2

Figure 48: Trends in numbers of objects and unfurnished burials in Saxon regions. Polynomial trendline order 2

Figure 49: Trends in numbers of objects and unfurnished burials in Burgundy. Polynomial trendline order 3 for the mean number of objects, order 2 for unfurnished graves

Figure 50: Trends in numbers of objects and unfurnished burials in the Lower Rhine. Polynomial trendlines order 2

Figure 51: Trends in numbers of objects and unfurnished burials in eastern Frankia. Polynomial trendlines order 2

Figure 52: Trends in numbers of objects and unfurnished burials in western Frankia. Polynomial trendlines, order 2 for mean number of objects, order 3 for unfurnished graves

Figure 53: Trends in numbers of objects and unfurnished burials in Kent. Polynomial trendlines order 2

Figure 54: Trends in numbers of objects and unfurnished burials in the Low Countries. Polynomial trendlines order 2

Figure 55: Changes in different types of grave goods in northern Alamannia

Figure 56: Changes in different types of grave goods in southern Alamannia

Figure 57: Changes in different types of grave goods in Anglian regions

Figure 58: Changes in different types of grave goods in Saxon regions of England

Figure 59: Changes in different types of grave goods in Bavaria

Figure 60: Changes in different types of grave goods in the Lower Rhine

Figure 61: Changes in different types of grave goods in eastern Frankia

Figure 62: Changes in different types of grave goods in Burgundy

Figure 63: Changes in different types of grave goods in Kent

Figure 64: Changes in different types of grave goods in western Frankia

Figure 65: Changes in different types of grave goods in the Low Countries

Table 1: Categories of grave goods

Table 2: Results of Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of number of grave goods and unfurnished burials with the date a cemetery went out of use in northern Alamannia. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 3: Results of Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of number of grave goods and unfurnished burials with the date a cemetery went out of use in southern Alamannia. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 4: Results of Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of number of grave goods and unfurnished burials with the date a cemetery went out of use in Bavaria. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 5: Results of Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of number of grave goods and unfurnished burials with the date a cemetery went out of use in Anglian regions of England. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 6: Results of Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of number of grave goods and unfurnished burials with the date a cemetery went out of use in Saxon regions of England. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 7: Results of Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of number of grave goods and unfurnished burials with the date a cemetery went out of use in Burgundy. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 8: Results of Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of number of grave goods and unfurnished burials with the date a cemetery went out of use in the Lower Rhine. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 9: Results of Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of number of grave goods and unfurnished burials with the date a cemetery went out of use in eastern Frankia. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 10: Results of Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of number of grave goods and unfurnished burials with the date a cemetery went out of use in western Frankia. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 11: Results of Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of number of grave goods and unfurnished burials with the date a cemetery went out of use in Kent. No statistically significant trends found.

Table 12: Results of Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of number of grave goods and unfurnished burials with the date a cemetery went out of use in the Low Countries. No statistically significant trends found.

Table 13: Results of Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of presence/absence of object types in graves, with the date a cemetery went out of use in northern Alamannia. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 14: Results of Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of presence/absence of object types in graves, with the date a cemetery went out of use in southern Alamannia. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 15: Results of Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of presence/absence of object types in graves, with the date a cemetery went out of use in Anglian regions. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 16: Results of Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of presence/absence of object types in graves, with the date a cemetery went out of use in Saxon regions of England. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 17: Results of Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of presence/absence of object types in graves, with the date a cemetery went out of use in Bavaria. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 18: Results of Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of presence/absence of object types in graves, with the date a cemetery went out of use in the Lower Rhine. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 19: Results of Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of presence/absence of object types in graves, with the date a cemetery went out of use in eastern Frankia. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 20: Results of Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of presence/absence of object types in graves, with the date a cemetery went out of use in Burgundy. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 21: Results of Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of presence/absence of object types in graves, with the date a cemetery went out of use in Kent. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 22: Results of Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of presence/absence of object types in graves, with the date a cemetery went out of use in western Frankia. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 23: Results of Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of presence/absence of object types in graves, with the date a cemetery went out of use in the Low Countries. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

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