The Perils of Pits: further research at Durrington Walls henge (2021–2025)

Vincent Gaffney; Eamonn Baldwin; Robin Allaby; Martin Bates; Richard Bates; Alex Finlay; Christopher Gaffney; Teri Hansford; Timothy Kinnaird; Wolfgang Neubauer; Klaus Löcker; Tom Sparrow; Immo Trinks; Mario Wallner; Eugene Ch'ng

doi:10.11141/ia.69.19

3.1 Method

Electromagnetic ground conductivity (EM) survey was conducted over features 13D and 16D (formerly Anomaly v) using a Geonics EM38 ground conductivity meter (summarised in Table 3.1). The instrument was deployed together with a Trimble GNSS operated in RTK mode for real-time, centimetre accuracy positioning. It was hand carried, with a recording operation frequency of 0.3hz, using a line spacing nominally at 5m separation for wide-area survey and less than 1m for survey over the target locations. The Geonics EM38 was used to obtain ground conductivity and inphase values at approximate depths down to 1m.

Following data acquisition, the results were processed on PCs, along with positioning information rectified to OSGB. Rectified data was then interpolated to full coverage using standard kriging routines within ArcGIS (v.10.4).

Table 3.1: EM surveys 2021 summary
ID	Year	Type	Line spacing	Instrument	Sensors	Frequency	Phase	Depth
13D	2021	Area	1m	Geonics EM38	2	0.3hz	quad	c.1m
16D	2021	Area	1m	Geonics EM38	2	0.3hz	quad	c.1m
7A	2019	Area	5m	CMD-Explorer	3	0.3hz	quad/inphase	c.1.5m–5m
8A	2019	Area	5m	CMD-Explorer	3	0.3hz	quad/inphase	c.1.5m–5m

3.2 Anomaly 13D

This feature was originally mapped magnetically by Wessex Archaeology in 2015 and identified as a sink hole (Schmidt and Crabb 2017, anomaly 6016). It was subsequently reinterpreted as a probable pit by Gaffney et al. (2020, Anomaly 13D). As the location of 13D was only available to the current project from PDF reports, it was resurveyed with a fluxgate gradiometer in 2021, initially to locate the feature accurately for the purpose of positioning the GPR, EM and ERT survey grids.

Results

Results for the EM38 ground conductivity meter are provided in Figure 3.1. Deployment of the EM38 over 13D was in horizontal mode and the results showed conductivity variation 2-34mS/m with high values associated with an E–W trending linear most likely associated with recent archaeological investigations (Leivers et al. 2020). No signature was associated with the pit location.

3.3 Anomaly 16D – formerly Anomaly v

This feature was identified by the Stonehenge Hidden Landscape project from aerial photography (Gaffney et al. 2020, Anomaly v) and surveyed in 2021 to confirm its interpretation as most probably belonging to the northern arc of pits. Following confirmation of its magnetic characteristics, it was renamed 16D (see Section 1, Magnetometer Survey).

Results

Deployment of the EM38 in horizontal mode showed a pattern of generally increasing ground conductivity from south to north across the survey area. This was disrupted by small (less than 1m size) spot anomalies scattered throughout the area and a consistent pattern of higher ground-conductivity associated with the target location (Fig. 3.2). These are consistent with near-surface resistivity values measured by ERT discussed below (Section 4, see Fig. 4.4 for a landscape visualisation of combined results).

3.4 Anomalies 7A and 8A

These features were previously identified following a magnetometer survey in 2013 as part of the Stonehenge Hidden Landscape project (see Gaffney et al. 2020, supplementary data file 1).

Results

Features 7A and 8A were surveyed in 2019 using the CMD Explorer ground conductivity meter. The results of the survey are shown in Figure 3.3. A linear feature at 8A, manifesting as an east–west decreased conductivity zone, was noted in all three coil separations (near-surface to deep) but no signature was returned that could be associated with the location of a pit (Fig. 3.4). These results were similar to those for the inphase magnetic susceptibility component. No signatures that could be associated with the initial target were recorded at location 7A in either conductivity or inphase surveys.

Figures

Figure 3-1 — Figure 3.1: Deployment of the EM38 conductivity meter over 13D showed conductivity variation of 2-34mS/m with high values associated with an E–W trending linear most likely associated with recent archaeological investigations (Leivers *et al*. 2020). No signature was associated with the target location

Figure 3-2 — Figure 3.2: Deployment of the EM38 conductivity meter in horizontal mode over Anomaly v showed a pattern of generally increasing ground conductivity from south to north across the survey area (top). There was a consistent pattern of higher ground-conductivity associated with the target location (bottom)

Figure 3-3 — Figure 3.3: EM (conductivity) survey over area surrounding 7A and 8A at three different coil separations (sensing at depths of approximately 1.5, 2.5 and 5m). Colour legends: high conductivity (white/pink), low conductivity (orange/brown)

Figure 3-4 — Figure 3.4: EM area survey – close-up of 8A: conductivity results on the left, magnetic susceptibility (inphase) on the right; coil separation 3 configured to sense approximately 5m depth. No response evident in either plot of the target feature. The east–west running linear feature in both images is the line of a known water pipe (decreased conductivity on the left, increased magnetic susceptibility on the right)

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The Perils of Pits: further research at Durrington Walls henge (2021–2025)

Vincent Gaffney, Eamonn Baldwin, Robin Allaby, Martin Bates, Richard Bates, Alex Finlay, Christopher Gaffney, Teri Hansford, Timothy Kinnaird, Wolfgang Neubauer, Klaus Löcker, Tom Sparrow, Immo Trinks, Mario Wallner and Eugene Ch'ng

SDF 3: Electromagnetic Ground Conductivity and Magnetic Susceptibility (EM) Survey

Richard Bates (University of St Andrews)

3.1 Method

3.2 Anomaly 13D

Results

3.3 Anomaly 16D – formerly Anomaly v

Results

3.4 Anomalies 7A and 8A

Results

Figures