Cite this as: Kurisoo, T. and Kuura, A. 2026 From Discovery to Preservation of Metal-Detected Artefacts: alternative routes to one destination, Internet Archaeology 71. https://doi.org/10.11141/ia.71.4
This paper explores the application of Business Process Management (BPM) principles and Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) in the context of processing metal-detected artefacts and related information. It focuses on six European case studies, Estonia, Finland, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Sweden, representing a range of regulatory frameworks and opportunities for private individuals to use metal detectors. The study proposes a conceptual typology for comparing different models of regulation and cooperation in contexts where private metal detecting is allowed, using two core dimensions: the degree of centralisation and the degree of digital integration. Analysis of the constructed BPMN models reveals significant variation in process complexity, institutional responsibilities and stakeholder involvement, reflecting broader national legal and administrative contexts. These findings are complemented by an evaluation of publicly available online information, which highlights differences in the accessibility and clarity of guidance provided to hobbyist detectorists. The main conclusion of the study is that no single system is universally optimal; rather, it is crucial to identify context-specific opportunities for the lawful use of metal detectors and the collection and preservation of related information, despite the constraints imposed by limited resources and restrictive legal frameworks. The results will hopefully provide valuable insights for countries seeking to develop or reform their approaches to metal detecting, and demonstrate how process modelling can support more effective, inclusive and sustainable heritage management and use.
Corresponding author: Tuuli Kurisoo
[email protected]
Tallinn University
Arvi Kuura
University of Tartu Pärnu College
Figure 1: A conceptual model for classifying regulatory recording schemes related to hobbyist metal detecting.
Figure 2: Countries included in the study.
Figure 3: Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) of the Estonian case. Author: Tuuli Kurisoo. For symbol definitions, see the BPMN quick reference guide (Bizagi n.d.). [SVG]
Figure 4: Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) of the Finnish case. Authors: Tuuli Kurisoo, Ville Rohiola, Sami Raninen. For symbol definitions, see the BPMN quick reference guide (Bizagi n.d.). [SVG]
Figure 5: Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) of the Netherlands case. Authors: Tuuli Kurisoo and Mirjam Kars. For symbol definitions, see the BPMN quick reference guide (Bizagi n.d.). [SVG]
Figure 6: Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) of the Czech Republic case. Authors Tuuli Kurisoo and Róbert Antal. For symbol definitions, see the BPMN quick reference guide (Bizagi n.d.). [SVG]
Figure 7: Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) of the Hungarian (Pest) case. Authors: Tuuli Kurisoo and Tibor Ákos Rácz. For symbol definitions, see the BPMN quick reference guide (Bizagi n.d.). [SVG]
Figure 8: Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) of the Swedish (Örebro) case. Authors: Tuuli Kurisoo and Andreas Jansson. For symbol definitions, see the BPMN quick reference guide (Bizagi n.d.). [SVG]
Figure 9: Typology of national approaches to managing metal-detected artefacts, based on the conceptual model.
Figure 10: Legal and regulatory information on the analysed websites.
Figure 11: Reporting procedures for metal-detected artefacts on the analysed websites.
Figure 12: Processing of reported finds and compensation/reward information on the analysed websites.
Table 1: X-Axis Scale reflecting the degree of centralisation in the reporting and processing information of metal-detected artefacts
Table 2: Y-Axis Scale reflecting the degree of digital integration in the management of metal-detected artefacts.
Table 3: The BPMN elements of the modelled processes.
Table 4: Interpretation scale for website information analysis.
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