Cite this as: Gaffney, V., Baldwin, E., Allaby, R., Bates, M., Bates, R., Finlay, A., Gaffney, C., Hansford, T., Kinnaird, T., Neubauer, W., Löcker, K., Sparrow, T., Trinks, I., Wallner, M. and Ch’ng, E. 2025 The Perils of Pits: further research at Durrington Walls henge (2021-2025), Internet Archaeology 69. https://doi.org/10.11141/ia.69.19
In 2020, a series of large features were identified, set within two arc-like structures, to the north and south of Durrington Walls henge (Gaffney et al. 2020). Based on geophysical survey and borehole investigation, combined with the results of previous, commercial fieldwork, 15 features were interpreted as either large pits or probable pits. Five additional features were identified from aerial photography or topographic modelling as being of potential interest. Some of these features, on the 'northern arc', were assessed by their original investigators to be naturally occurring sinkholes (Leivers 2021). Following the interpretation of these features as a single pit alignment, some discussion has taken place relating to the origin and nature of these features and their association with Durrington Walls henge (Ruggles and Chadburn 2024).
This debate has taken place without the benefit of the results of more recent research undertaken both in the field and laboratory. In 2021, further investigations were carried out over 'northern arc' features 13D and 16D, as well as over the 'southern arc' features 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A. This work also provided an opportunity to survey anomaly ii at Larkhill, and to revisit 'southern arc' features 5A, 7A and 8A. The latter three had been surveyed and cored in 2019 and identified as pits. New fieldwork also provided the occasion to utilise a wider range of analytical techniques than previously, and the application of novel geochemistry and sedaDNA methods generated sediment stratigraphies and detailed environmental histories for individual pits.
The results of geophysical survey and borehole investigations reinforce the overall similarity between those features previously identified as pits or probable pits, as well as those investigated in the recent field campaign. Consequently, with confirmation of pit 16D as a new addition to the 'northern arc', the total of pits/probable pits in the overall series has risen to 16. However, to the west of Durrington Walls, in Larkhill, a magnetometer survey over anomaly ii did not reveal a magnetic response consistent with a large pit-feature, although this area is heavily disturbed by later development and the survey results at this location cannot be regarded as conclusive.
Currently, the majority of features identified during the two seasons of work at Durrington continue to be interpreted as corresponding to large pits or modified features which, irrespective of any possible natural origin, emerged during the later Neolithic to form part of a larger, prehistoric pit structure surrounding Durrington Walls.
Corresponding author: Vince Gaffney
[email protected]
University of Bradford
Eamonn Baldwin
University of Birmingham
Robin Allaby
University of Warwick
Martin Bates
University of Wales Trinity Saint David
Richard Bates
University of St Andrews
Alex Finlay
X-ray Mineral Services
Christopher Gaffney
University of Bradford
Teri Hansford
University of Warwick
Timothy Kinnaird
University of Wales Trinity Saint David
Wolfgang Neubauer
Vienna Institute for Archaeological Science, University of Vienna
Klaus Löcker
Geosphere
Tom Sparrow
University of Bradford
Immo Trinks
Vienna Institute for Archaeological Science, University of Vienna
Mario Wallner
Geosphere
Eugene Ch'ng
Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University
Figure 1: Plan of the pit structure associated with Durrington Walls Henge. Features 1A–9A form an 'arc' south of Durrington Walls in Amesbury parish, while 10D–16D (formerly v) form a northern 'arc' in Durrington parish. Four additional features, noted from other sources including aerial photographs, excavation or topographic modelling, are annotated with roman numerals i–iv. Lidar derived digital surface model (shaded) with OS 10K overlay © Environment Agency copyright and database right 2024. All rights reserved. Lidar (composite sources) DTM 1m resolution, Scale 1:4000 with gaps filled by DTM 2m resolution, Scale 1:8000 – Ordnance Survey (100025252)/EDINA supplied Service. http://digimap.edina.ac.uk
Figure 2: Geophysical survey grid locations for northern anomalies ii, 13D and 16D. These were initially single 30 x 30m grids, although the grid over ii was subsequently expanded to cover an area 60 x 60m. Lidar derived digital surface model (shaded) with OS 10K overlay © Environment Agency copyright and database right 2024. All rights reserved. Lidar (composite sources) DTM 1m resolution, Scale 1:4000 with gaps filled by DTM 2m resolution, Scale 1:8000 – Ordnance Survey (100025252)/EDINA supplied Service. http://digimap.edina.ac.uk
Figure 3: Geophysical survey grid locations for southern anomalies 1A, 2A, and 3A, all single 30 x 30m grids. Lidar derived digital surface model (shaded) with OS 10K overlay © Environment Agency copyright and database right 2024. All rights reserved. Lidar (composite sources) DTM 1m resolution, Scale 1:4000 with gaps filled by DTM 2m resolution, Scale 1:8000 – Ordnance Survey (100025252)/EDINA supplied Service. http://digimap.edina.ac.uk
Figure 4: Fluxgate gradiometer survey (30m x 30m) over 13D – processed results at 0.25m x 0.25m spatial resolution (left, and with 10m gridlines right) confirm the location of a previously mapped magnetic anomaly (Schmidt and Crabb 2017, anomaly 6016) approximately 14m in diameter. Greyscale legend: positive (black), negative (white)
Figure 5: luxgate gradiometer survey (30m x 30m) over 16D - identified previously as a cropmark (Gaffney et al. 2020) – processed results at 0.25m x 0.25m spatial resolution (left), and with 10m gridlines (right), reveal a previously unmapped magnetic anomaly (approximately 18–20m in diameter, consistent in response and dimension to 15 other pit features identified by Gaffney et al. (2020). Greyscale legend: positive (black), negative (white)
Figure 6: Fluxgate gradiometer survey (30m x 30m grid extracted from a larger area survey – see supplementary data file 1, figs 1.5 and 1.6) over anomaly ii, identified previously as a topographic feature (Gaffney et al. 2020) and a cropmark (Crutchley 2002). Processed results at 0.25m x 0.25m spatial resolution (left), and with 10m gridlines (right), reveal a previously unmapped curvilinear magnetic anomaly (approximately 18–20m in diameter), however it is not consistent in magnetic response to 15 other pit features (now 16) identified by Gaffney et al. (2020), and most probably relates to 20th century military activity in the area. Greyscale legend: positive (black), negative (white)
Figure 7: Composite image of 14 magnetic anomalies (1A–9A, 10D–13D and 16D) of similar magnetic character and size. Features 14D and 15D were documented through excavation and are of similar nature and size to the magnetic anomalies. Potential features i, iii, iv remain to be proven. Although similar in size, magnetic anomaly ii displays a dissimilar magnetic characteristic to the others
Figure 8: GPR time slices from 1A, 2A, 3A, 13D, and 16D, ranging between an estimated 0.6m–1.3m depth, with 5m grid line intervals marked. North top. Greyscale: high amplitude – black, low amplitude – white
Figure 9: Deployment of the EM38 conductivity meter over 13D showed conductivity variation of 2-34mS/m with high values associated with an E–W trending linear most likely associated with recent archaeological investigations (Leivers et al. 2020). No signature was associated with the target location. Backdrop © Google Earth
Figure 10: Deployment of the EM38 conductivity meter in horizontal mode over anomaly 16 showed a pattern of generally increasing ground conductivity from south to north across the survey area (top). There was a consistent pattern of higher ground-conductivity associated with the target location (circled). Backdrop © Google Earth
Figure 11: ERT profile across 13D (1m electrode spacing) – a low-resistivity signal located centrally within the profile coincides with the location of 13D. The bottom of the anomaly appears to be at a depth of 4–5m. Colour legend: high resistivity (dark red), low resistivity (dark blue).
Figure 12: (Top) Vertical ERT profile (3m electrode spacing with topography) running south–north across the dry valley and through 16D – (bottom) the same long-line ERT profile visualised at landscape scale. Colour legend: high resistivity (dark red), low resistivity (dark blue). Backdrop © Google Earth
Figure 13: ERT profile across 1A (1m electrode spacing, north–south) – a low-resistivity signal located centrally within the profile coincides with the location of 1A. The bottom of the anomaly appears to be at a depth of <5m. Colour legend: high resistivity (dark red), low resistivity (dark blue)< /p>
Figure 14: ERT profile (1m electrode spacing with topography) across 2A. Low-resistivity measurements coincide with the target. Colour legend: high resistivity (brown), low resistivity (blue)
Figure 15: Results for ERT survey at anomaly 5A (top), 0.5m electrode spacing (bottom), 1m electrode spacing. Colour legend: high resistivity (dark red), low resistivity (dark blue)
Figure
16: ERT profiles over 7A – (Top) 0.5m electrode spacing. Low-resistivity
measurements coincide with the target feature. Colour legend: high resistivity (dark red),
low resistivity (dark blue).
Animation of ERT profile from 7A (0.5m electrode
spacing) visualised in landscape setting with 2013 magnetometer survey overlay (courtesy LBI
ArchPro, see Gaffney et al. 2020, supplementary data file 1). Colour legend: high
resistivity (brown), low resistivity (blue). Greyscale legend: magnetometer – positive
(black), negative (white). This video does not contain audio
Figure 17: Long-line ERT profile (3m electrode spacing with topography) across 5A, 4A, 3A and 2A with close-up of 4A and 3A. Low-resistivity measurements coincide with the target features. Colour legend: high resistivity (dark red), low resistivity (dark blue)
Figure 18: Landscape perspective – long-line ERT profile (3m electrode spacing with topography) across 5A, 4A, 3A and 2A. Low-resistivity measurements coincide with the target features. Colour legend: high resistivity (dark red), low resistivity (dark blue). Overlain on aerial photograph backdrop © Google Earth
Figure 19: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of all geochemical data collected in this study. Elements highlighted are labelled with probable control of composition, e.g. CaO and MgO likely reflect variations in carbonate (chalk) content of the analysed sample
Figure 20: Chemostratigraphic correlation across core window samples (WS) from anomalies 8A, 13D (1) and 16D. The chemostratigraphy reveals three correlate zones based on changes in CaO/K2O (likely representing chalk/clay), Rb/K2O (likely representing changes in clay mineralogy) and P2O5/K2O (possibly bone content/clay minerals). Colour shading: blue = chemo zone 1, green = chemo zone 2, red = chemo zone 3 and orange = chemo zone 4
Figure 21: Equivalent dose distributions for samples from cores WS 16D and WS 13D (1), shown as kernel density estimate plots and Abanico plots. Colour shading: blue = chemo zone 1, green = chemo zone 2, red = chemo zone 3 and orange = chemo zone 4
Figure 22: Location of the Durrington pits showing the distribution of Ovis and Bos signals within the pits sampled. Bos appear in all pits sampled, irrespective of location. Ovis appear to be localised to those pits to the south of the monument. Lidar-derived digital surface model (shaded) with OS 10K overlay © Environment Agency copyright and database right 2024. All rights reserved. Lidar (composite sources) DTM 1m resolution, Scale 1:4000 with gaps filled by DTM 2m resolution, Scale 1:8000 – Ordnance Survey (100025252)/EDINA supplied Service. http://digimap.edina.ac.uk
Figure 23: Schematic comparing depth penetration of investigative exploratory methods against potential pit depths and maximum depths of previous excavations undertaken prior to development
Figure 24: Top – features recorded as potential comparator data for those features identified as pits (after Ruggles and Chadburn 2024, fig. 3). Bottom – magnetic anomalies (1A–9A) and potential anomaly i overlain OS 10K mapping. Fluxgate gradiometer survey mapped as part of the Stonehenge Hidden Landscapes Project and supplied by LBI ArchPro, Vienna. Note the clear qualitative difference between features identified as potential pits and those suggested as comparators (see supplementary data file 10 for detail). (Top) OS 10k overlay with aerial base map 25cm (Get Mapping) – Ordnance Survey (100025252)/EDINA supplied Service; Department of Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (Defra), 'Scheduled Monuments' [last accessed: 18.09.2024] (Bottom) OS 10K underlay © Crown and database rights 2024. All rights reserved. – Ordnance Survey (100025252)/EDINA supplied Service. http://digimap.edina.ac.uk
Figure 25: Geological overview of probable and possible pits in relation to superficial head deposits of clay, silt, sand and gravel often associated with dry valleys (marked in grey). As regards pits investigated in 2021: 3A, 4A, and 5A occur within area of Head deposit, 1 - gravel (BSG REF 625), while 2A and 13D occur within areas of Head deposit - clay, silt, sand and gravel (BSG REF 424). © Crown copyright and database rights 2024 – Ordnance Survey (100025252)/EDINA supplied Service (OS MasterMap® Scale 1:1250 and OS Profile DTM (5m resolution) Scale 1:10K); British Geological Survey/EDINA supplied service (BGS Superficial deposits 1:10K – Sheet SU14SW v2.18). http://digimap.edina.ac.uk
Figure 26: Top Left – Station Quarter South Ebbsfleet solution features. Note the dark brown contact between the Chalk and overlying sediments. Top Right – Large pit cut through chalk and Thanet Sand near Ebbsfleet, Kent. Note steep sides, sub-horizontal bedding and lack of the brown rim along the edge one finds in solution hollows. Bottom – Solution features in the Chalk at Dartford A2/M25 works. Note the undulating surfaces and the haphazardly filled features
Table 1: Table 1: Pit features investigated in 2021 and 2019 fieldwork – summary of large pit anomalies
Table 2: Fieldwork undertaken in 2021 with laboratory analyses – progress overview of investigations
Table 3: Magnetometer surveys 2021 – summary. March 2021 – Bartington Grad 601 Dual sensor magnetic survey
Table 4: GPR surveys 2021 summary. Favourable ground surface conditions (dry, stone free) for cart-mounted GPR survey permitted closer sampling intervals over 2A and 3A.
Table 5: Summary of dimension (avg.) as discerned by technique (invasive and non-invasive) undertaken by the Stonehenge Hidden Landscapes project and Wessex Archaeology 2012–2025
Table 6: Electromagnetic surveys 2021 summary. March 2021 Fieldwork
Table 7: Electrical Resistance Tomography surveys – 2021 summary
Table 8: Summary of borehole investigations 2021
Table 9: Core window samples (WS) analysed by ICP techniques for this study. Cores were selected from both northern and southern 'arcs' based on sample availability and, where possible, overlap with other analyses
Table 10: Results summary table of the burial doses, total effective environmental dose rates and OSL depositional ages obtained from sediment recovered from cores WS 1A, WS 2A, WS 16D, WS 13D (1) and WS 13D (2): core sub-samples are labelled with a sequential numeric suffix
Table 11: Summary and interpretation of the chemostratigraphic analysis of core window samples (WS) from WS 8A, WS 13D (1) and WS 16D, with OSL ages for boundaries
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