Archaeological Excavations at the North Annexe, York Guildhall

Ben Savine

doi:10.11141/ia.71.10

3.1 Period 6: Late 11th to early 13th century activity (Phases 18–25)

Evidence for activity on the site between the late Roman period and the 11th century was limited. Late 3rd and 4th century CE pottery was present, as were four 4th century CE coins, but in both cases almost all were recovered from medieval deposits and features. The structure supported on a clay bonded cobble wall foundation (P14) at the north end of the site in Excavation Area 2 may have been dismantled as early as the late 3rd century CE, but complete removal seems not to have occurred until the late 11th or 12th century.

The earliest deposits encountered at the south-western end of Excavation Area 1, found at 7.58m AOD in the base of Trench 4, appear to relate to 12th century waste disposal or levelling; any understanding of earlier activity in that area is consequently reliant on borehole cores. Few dateable finds were recovered from the borehole, however, four samples <28>, <38>, <40> and <43> taken from C9633 in BH03 were subject to radiocarbon dating. Three samples produced medieval dates ranging from the mid-11th to late 13th century (Savine 2024, 500, Appendix 5). The fourth, taken from the mid-point of the deposit, returned a 1st to 2nd century CE date suggesting that redeposited Roman material formed a component of dumping close to the riverbank. Comparison of depths of the deposits found in boreholes are made with securely dated deposits in Excavation Area 1 to provide a broad impression of when some activities and processes may have taken place.

Phase 18 (P18): Robbing of 3rd century CE structure and subsequent dumping activity (G127–28, G131, G189)

Robbing of the Roman period wall supported by the P14 foundation is likely to have included the removal of some of the foundation material, reducing it as far as 9.02m AOD. Backfilling of the robber-cut (C19143–4) appears to have then taken place soon after (Figure 6, Figure 7, Figure 32). Unwanted material originating from or close to the structure was pushed back into the robber-cut, including clayey deposits C19013 and C19103, while other backfill deposits (C19112 and C19113), comprising friable mid-greyish brown, sandy silts, were found to contain fragments of clay, mortar, limestone, cobbles and a variety of Roman CBM. Pottery dating to the late 3rd to 4th century CE were recovered from these robber-cut backfills. A single sherd of unglazed Stamford ware came from C19113, which, if not intrusive, would date the robbing activity to no earlier than the 11th century.

Figure 32: Period 6. Phases 18 and 19, late 11th to early 13th century activity

At the south-eastern end of Excavation Area 2 were a series of deposits (C19134, C19136 and C19218) similar in character to those filling the robber-cut (Figure 32). A small selection of late 11th to 12th century pottery was present alongside a range of Roman vessel types. Although the wall foundation (P14) was not exposed that far south-east, there was a notably distinct north-eastern edge to these deposits where they intersected with those in P13 (Figure 33). The P13 deposits predated the P14 wall, hinting that backfilling of the robber cut seen further to the north-west continued to this point.

Figure 33: Probable robbing backfill C19136, Phase18. Facing south-east, 0.1m scale units

After backfilling, waste disposal activities including the dumping of waste onto the ground, or within small pits, continued into the late 12th to early 13th century, bringing the ground level up to a maximum of 10.13m AOD, and to around 9.75m AOD where the ground was fairly flat. These deposits, for example C19098 and C19107, were mainly dark grey and brown silts containing large quantities of domestic refuse and some building debris. Much of the artefact assemblage was Roman in date, including a coin (SF209), an Antoninianus of Valerian (253–57 CE), demonstrating sustained intrusive activity into the Roman horizons nearby, while other artefacts are more likely to be contemporaneous with the waste disposal, such as a small iron pin (SF177), which dates to the late 11th to 12th century.

Phase 19 (P19): Dumping and pit digging activity in Trenches 3 and 4 (G129–30)

In Excavation Area 1, Trenches 3 and 4 were sited south-west of Trench 2, placing them incrementally closer to the north-eastern bank of the River Ouse (Figure 32). Some of the earliest activity in these trenches was associated with waste disposal that took place in the late 11th and 12th centuries.

Close to the base of Trench 3 were two small pits separated horizontally by a 0.35m thick layer of dark grey-brown sandy clay (C3110) containing a selection of domestic waste including animal bone, pottery, oyster shell, slag and antler offcuts. CBM of 1st to 4th century CE date, including a tessera and opus signinum, was also present in some quantity. The lower pit (C3118 and C3116) was dated to the late 11th to 12th century, and more antler-processing waste was present in the upper pit in this Group (C3109 and C3113), the backfill of which extended to 8.07m AOD (Figure 31).

The earliest deposits at the base of Trench 4 dated to the 12th century (C3144–5). They were similar in character and content to C3110 but only extended to 7.8m AOD.

Phase 20 (P20): Late 12th to early 13th century levelling and pit digging in Excavation Area 2 (G132–36)

The deposition of primarily stony clays hints at a need to consolidate what may have been quite soft, uneven ground formed by deposits filling and immediately overlying the P18 robber-cut (Figure 34). What followed was a change in character of land use in this area which may have prompted that effort.

Figure 34: Period 6. Late 11th to early 13th century refuse disposal in Excavation Area 2

Overlying the dumping in P18 were a series of mixed silty and clayey levelling deposits, usually with a stony content, for example C19133 (G132). Covering an area measuring 6.12m north-west/south-east by 4.05m north-east/south-west they continued to flatten out the area, extending to 10.25m AOD at the top of the slope and 9.84m AOD further to the south-west (Figure 35). As found in P18 residual Roman material proliferated alongside small quantities of late 12th to early 13th century pottery.

Figure 35: Ground consolidation C19133, Phase 20. Facing north-east, 0.1m scale units

Refuse pits in G133 and G134 were found cutting through the consolidated ground. By far the largest pit was C19111 (S1073; G133). It was situated to the north-west of a modern drain cut in Excavation Area 2 and extended below the 9.1m AOD formation depth in this area (Figure 7 and Figure 34). The pit was investigated to a depth of 1.22m, and although only excavated to a maximum width of 0.41m was found to measure 1.93m across north-east/south-west at its surface. Backfilling material appears to have been deposited from the upslope north-eastern side as tip lines fall to the south-west. The date of pottery and CBM differed between the lower three fills (C19105, C19109 and C19110), and those above (C19084, C19091, C19094 and C19100). The lower fills contained 1st to 4th century CE CBM along with pottery dating to the late 11th–12th century, while late 11th to early 13th century CBM and late 12th to early 13th century pottery was recovered from the upper fills. There was no clear differentiation in the composition of the upper and lower fills, which were typically friable, brown, clayey silts containing a variety of domestic refuse including pottery, CBM, animal bone and marine shell.

Immediately south-west of pit C19111 was a second large, but much shallower, pit (C19080; S1075). This feature measured 2.2m north-east/south-west by 1.21m north-west/south-east, but only 0.39m deep (Figure 7 and Figure 34). The fills were generally friable dark grey-brown silts, dating to the late 12th to early 13th century and containing an array of domestic refuse including a hone stone (SF232).

To the south-east were three more pits (C19062, C19079 and C19086; G134), closer in character to pit C19080 in terms of size and depth than pit C19111. Despite being situated above a part of the wall robbing backfill (C19113; P18), which contained 11th century pottery, solely Roman artefacts were recovered from this grouping of pits, indicating their proximity to Roman deposits and features and suggesting the disturbance of those horizons during or soon after the 11th century. Notably 3rd and 4th century CE pottery dates were common in this phase, hinting at continuity of activity into the 4th century at the site despite the absence of intact features definitively in use in the late Roman period.

Approximately 1m south-west of the G134 pit was a tightly spaced group of three postholes (G135). The postholes measured between 0.2–0.25m in diameter and up to 0.45m deep, and like the G133–4 pits also cut into the G132 consolidating layer. It was not clear what function the postholes fulfilled, and no dating evidence was recovered from them, although they were sealed by the deposits described below in P21.

Phase 21 (P21): 12th to 13th century ground consolidation and structure in Excavation Area 2 (G136–37)

The features in P20 were sealed below moderately stony clayey silts which also served to consolidate ground levels in this area. To the south-east of those deposits was a stone wall foundation dating to the late 12th to early 13th century and elements of a second possible structure were detected in Trench 4.

The pits and postholes in P20 were covered by extensive layers of mid to dark grey–brown, moderately stony, clayey silts. Together they covered an area measuring 6.46m north-west/south-east by 4.4m north-east/south-west across Excavation Area 2 and NA WB 7, situated a little further north-west (Figure 36). These deposits raised the ground level to maximum of 10.21m AOD, sloping down a little to the south-west, where they reached 9.98m AOD. Slightly lower levels recorded for C8080 (9.81m AOD) are likely to be the result of later truncation in that area (Figure 15). Dating these deposits was a little less straightforward; the pattern of considerable residual Roman material continued but some, presumably intrusive, post-medieval CBM perhaps reflected the proximity of some deposits (C19011–12) to the top of the surviving depositional sequence in this area. In addition, some 12th–13th century pottery and CBM was also recovered from contexts C19011–12, while to the south-east C19178 was truncated by a wall (S1085; G137) dating to the late 12th to early 13th century (Figure 36).

Figure 36: Period 6. Phases 21, 22 and 23, mid-11th to mid-13th century structures and related activity

The G137 wall construction cut was aligned north-east/south-west, measured 3m long, 1m wide, and up to 0.92m deep (Figure 37). The foundation extended to between 10.01m and 10.16m AOD and consisted of roughly dressed limestone fragments and cobbles, all tightly packed but with no bonding material.

Figure 37: Wall foundation G137, Phase 22. Facing north, 0.1m scale units

Phase 22 (P22): Demolition of structure and associated features in Excavation Area 2 (G138–39, G168)

Any structure related to the P21 wall foundation was comprehensively removed, leaving no wall above the contemporary ground level, or any indication of associated structural remains such as floors or surfaces. There was, however, a marked difference between the consistent P21 deposits extending north-west of the wall foundation and a series of small irregular cut features to its south-east (G138). These features were present at around the same height as wall-robbing activity G139, and it seems probable that they also related to demolition of that structure (Figure 36). Overlying the small features was a soft, dark brown, stony clayey silt (C19040; G168) which raised the ground level south-east of the wall foundation up to the same level seen across much of the P21 deposits, between 9.96–10.16m AOD.

Neither the late 11th and late 11th to 12th century pottery recovered from some of the small G138 features or the 13th–16th century CBM present in the wall robbing backfill necessarily provide the most accurate indication of when that structure was removed. The next activity in this area was levelling in preparation for a surface (see Phase 37), activity which did not occur until at least the 16th century, suggesting that the structure could have stood through to around the mid-16th century.

Phase 23 (P23): Mid-11th to mid-13th century structure (G140)

Near the base of Trench 4 in Excavation Area 1 was a linear feature (C3097), aligned north-west/south-east and interpreted as a robbed-out wall (Figure 36). It measured 0.85m long by 0.25m wide, although it had been truncated along its entire north-eastern edge by a later intrusion. The backfill extended to 7.78m AOD and contained a single sherd of moderately gritted, oxidised Beverly type ware, dating to the late 11th to early 13th century.

Ground consolidation in the 12th and 13th century was followed by the first medieval structures found on the site. Separated by nearly 19m, both structural features were located on relatively level ground, at 10.21m AOD in the north-east and 7.78m AOD to the south-west, suggesting terracing at lower levels closer to the riverbank.

Phase 24 (P24): Mid-13th to mid-14th century levelling in Trenches 3 and 4 (G141–43, G146 and G190–92)

The deeper parts of Trenches 3 and 4 were approximately 4.2m apart (Figure 38). Above the lowest deposits in both trenches were a series of very similar deposits that raised the ground level in this area in preparation for the construction of a surface.

Figure 38: Period 6. Phases 24 and 25, mid-13th to mid-14th century levelling, possible structure and associated features

Brown and grey sand and silty clays were found extending to 8.12m AOD in Trench 3 (C3106) and to 8.08m AOD at the top of C3140 in Trench 4. Deposits in both trenches contained domestic refuse including animal bone and pottery, some dating to the mid-13th to mid-14th century.

In Trench 3 the next deposits comprised friable, dark brown-grey sands and silts (C3102 and C3104) with an increasing mortar content towards the top at 8.23m AOD (Figure 31). A near identical sequence was observed in Trench 4, which here extended to 8.12m AOD.

Ground level was then raised to 8.24–8.33m AOD in Trench 3 by C3094, a fairly compact mid-brown grey silty sand with fragments of stone and clay. The next deposits in Trench 4 extended to 8.23m AOD. They had a lighter colour and softer compaction than the preceding deposits, but had been exposed to intense heat, almost certainly from an overlying hearth (see Phase 27), which would have altered their character.

A possible mortar surface was next in Trench 3, here extending to 8.3–8.36m AOD. A patchy layer of compact mortar, C3091 and C3093 (G146) was present below a thin dark green-brown, sandy silt (C3136), perhaps a worn mortar surface on top of which a layer of trampled material had accumulated. Along part of its north-western edge the mortar surface (C3091) extended up vertically, as though it had originally abutted something solid. No dateable material was recovered from these deposits, however mid-13th to mid-15th century pottery was present in P26 deposits above.

Similarities in character and content suggest that the same formation processes were active across the area covered by Trenches 3 and 4 during or soon after the mid-13th century. Introduction of material forming the upper deposits may account for the 12th and late 11th to early 13th century pottery dates recorded here, which contrasts with the mid-13th to mid-14th century dates of the underlying deposits. It is possible that this build-up or levelling was intended to prepare the ground for later activities, which in Trench 3 may have been a structure with a mortar floor.

Phase 25 (P25): Small features in Trench 4 (G144–45)

Present in Trench 3, at a similar level to the G146 deposits in Trench 4, were small shallow features including possible pits (G144) and postholes (G145) sealed below C3124, a 0.12m thick deposit that extended to 8.28m AOD (Figure 38). Only a small selection of 13th–16th century CBM and 12th century pottery was recovered from these features.

The mid-13th to mid-14th century date of some pottery recovered from the initial deposits in P24 places them, along with subsequent deposits in P24 and P25. However, a closer parallel is evident with the character of P23 activity than with what was to follow in P27, which would prove to be on a significantly greater scale and quality of build. Consequently, Phases 24 and 25 have been assigned to Period 6 despite the apparent proximity in date to the early phases of Period 7.

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Historic Maps

OS 1930 25 inch: 1 mile map sheets Yorkshire CLXXIV.14.

OS 1963 1:2500 SE 5849 and SE 5949.