Archaeological Excavations at the North Annexe, York Guildhall

Ben Savine

doi:10.11141/ia.71.10

5.1 Period 9: Post-medieval activity (Phases 36–39)

Dismantling of buildings and clearance of the friary site following the Dissolution was represented by extensive deposits of demolition material across Excavation Area 1. Soils then began to accumulate through at least the 16th–18th centuries. In the eastern part of Excavation Area 2 were a series of small features, perhaps relating to backyard or horticultural activity (Figure 57).

Figure 57: Period 9. Phases 36, 37 and 38, post-medieval activity

Phase 36 (P36): 16th century demolition activity (G167, G169)

Overlying the remains of a surface and wall foundation in NA WB 3 (G157; P35) were a series of dark, stony silty clays, C8042-43 and C8046. Above was a mortar rich deposit containing limestone rubble (C8037), probably derived from the demolition of buildings nearby, including the friary buildings.

The medieval buildings formerly occupying the friary precinct were dismantled to foundation level. The comprehensive nature of the clearance activity is revealed by damage to the five probable graves in G160 (those nearest to G158) (Figure 58), truncating them and leaving a maximum depth of 0.2m. In NA WB 1 and NA WB 2 brick and tile rubble S1189 covered the sub-floor structures (Figure 57, Figure 59) north-west of wall foundation G164, while small fragments of limestone, CBM and mortar were found scattered across the rest of Excavation Area 1. Pottery recovered from the demolition material (C3025; Figure 11) dates to the late 16th–17th century.

Figure 58: Disturbed grave S1192, Phase 36. Facing north-west

Figure 59: Brick and tile rubble S1189, Phase 36, between north-west side of site and wall foundation C3090. Facing north-east, 0.5m scale units

Some larger architectural fragments (AFs) recovered from the demolition horizon provide an indication of the date and style of the friary buildings. The backfill of one disturbed grave (S1192) contained two Magnesian limestone mullion fragments dating to 1350+ (AFs 5–6), while other Magnesian limestone blocks were recovered from C3025 (G169), including AF14, a large mid-12th to 13th century walling block with an integral capital at one end (see section 6.4).

Phase 37 (P37): Post-medieval surface in Excavation Area 2 (G170–71)

A series of stony levelling deposits (G170) extended east of the burials (Figure 57), continuing across the medieval structure in P21. The presence of medieval building debris, including a small fragment of Magnesian limestone window tracery (AF9) dating to 1350+, along with 16th–18th century CBM demonstrates that the levelling was post-medieval in date. A clay-bonded cobble surface (C19033; G171) was then laid on top of the south-eastern part of G170 (Figure 60). The surface measured 2.39m north-east/south-west by 1.76m north-west/south-east, ranged from 10.18–10.22m AOD and was covered by thin layers of sandy and clayey silts (S1181) which are likely to have accumulated during its use. Pottery and CBM from the levelling and surface dates them to the 16th–18th century.

Figure 60: Post-medieval cobble surface C19033, Phase 37. Facing south-west, 0.1m scale units

The surface and trampled material that had accumulated on top of it exhibits continuity of use into the post-medieval period for at least part of the site.

Phase 38 (P38): Small cut features in Excavation Area 2 (G172–74)

A series of small features were later dug into the P37 levelling and surface (Figure 57). Three were linear features all aligned north-west/south-east. The two furthest to the south-west were gullies (S1184–85) measuring approximately 1 x 0.2m and 50–60mm deep, that were set approximately 0.4m apart. A larger linear feature (S1183), measuring 3.95 x 0.57m and up to 0.14m deep, followed the same alignment but extended further to the north-west. Cutting through S1183 was a sub-oval pit (S1182) that measured 1.43 x 0.87m and 0.22m deep.

The few artefacts in these features included CBM dating to the 16th–18th century, a jetton (SF221) dating to 1586–1635, and 17th century pottery. In addition, soil accumulation above this contained artefacts dating to the late 16th to early 18th century.

Phase 39 (P39): Post-medieval soil accumulation and levelling (G175–77)

Soil accumulation continued through the post-medieval period (Figure 61), to which gardens at the rear of new town houses built along the south-western side of Lendal in the early 18th century would have contributed.

Figure 61: Period 9. Phases 39, 40 and 41, post-medieval activity

Identified above post-medieval demolition deposits (P36) in watching brief interventions NA WB 1, 3 and 11 were dark brown silty clays containing pebbles and stone fragments, for example, C8033 and C8038 in G175. No dating evidence was retrieved from any of the G175 deposits, but they were comparable in character to 16th–18th century soil accumulation, such as C8077, assigned to G176 (Figure 15).

The G176 deposits were dark and mid-brown coarse sandy silts or silty clays, usually containing pebbles, limestone, mortar and CBM fragments dating to the 16th–18th century, and were observed across Excavation Areas 1 and 2, NA WB 1, 2 and 7.

Above the G176 deposits in Excavation Area 2 were patches of loose or friable clayey silts containing mortar flecks and small limestone fragments. CBM dating to the 16th–18th century was found in the largest of these deposits, which was in a 2.1m long by 0.37m wide by 0.13m deep cut aligned north-east/south-west (S1207; G177) that had been truncated along its north-western edge by a modern utility trench (Figure 61).

Following clearance of buildings formerly occupying the friary precinct, activity at the site resulted in soil accumulation and a handful of small cut features. It is probable that much of what was seen derives from landscaping within gardens at the rear of properties fronting onto Lendal after 1714.

5.2 Period 10: Modern Activity (Phases 40–41)

Municipal buildings began to encroach onto the site in the late 19th and early 20th century. Some structural elements and associated utility services were exposed (Figure 61).

Phase 40 (P40): Boatyard structures (G178)

Along the north-western periphery of the site are structures occupying the neighbouring boatyard, including standing buildings and a boundary wall. Parts of wall construction cuts and backfilling deposits were exposed along the north-west edges of NA WB 1 and 3 (Figure 61).

Phase 41 (P41): North Annexe and associated features (G179–183)

The North Annexe building ranged along the south-eastern side of the site. Excavation Area 2 largely occupied the north-eastern end of the North Annexe interior, while NA WB 7, 8 and 9 were positioned immediately outside, to the north-west (Figure 61).

Part of the north-western wall construction cut of the North Annexe was recorded in NA WB 7 and Excavation Area 2. Foul water drains running north-east/south-west under the building and adjacent to the outside face of the north-west wall were also encountered. Both drains were deep enough to have impacted on medieval and Roman deposits.

Close to the north-western edge of the site, a third 19th or 20th century drain was observed in NA WB 1 and 3. Above it and extending to the northern corner of the site in NA WB 10, soft dark grey-brown sandy silt had accumulated.

In Excavation Area 1, close to where the Hutments building had formerly been sited, a small cut feature containing the end of a power cable was found.

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Historic Maps

OS 1930 25 inch: 1 mile map sheets Yorkshire CLXXIV.14.

OS 1963 1:2500 SE 5849 and SE 5949.